What are the cost advantages of 65% lysine sulfate over traditional 98% lysine hydrochloride?

What are the cost advantages of 65% lysine sulfate over traditional 98% lysine hydrochloride?
Feed-grade lysine is increasingly produced as 65% lysine sulfate rather than the traditional 98% hydrochloride form. The sulfate route cuts production costs by roughly 1,000 yuan per ton compared with equal biological efficacy of hydrochloride, primarily by eliminating the need to remove microbial cells after fermentation—the broth goes directly to evaporation, granulation and drying. This also reduces environmental pollution from hydrochloride processing. The 65% product contains at least 15% other amino acids, providing more balanced nutrition for livestock. Newer processes using carbonate instead of sulfate can further reduce ammonium salt usage in the medium and yield higher-purity lysine salts upon heating. These cost innovations matter because feed-grade lysine competes almost purely on price, with producers seeking the cheapest viable route to meet animal nutrition requirements.