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Cost dynamics also differ: sodium sulfide is cheap and used at roughly 1.2 times the dye weight, while reactive dyeing's salt and alkali consumption adds up. For bulk dark shades, sulphur black remains the most economical choice despite environmental handling costs.
The recovered sodium thiosulfate has commercial value in photographic fixing, leather tanning, and as a dechlorinating agent. Producers should evaluate local market demand for these byproducts, as logistics costs can make recovery uneconomical if no nearby off-takers exist.
Beyond duty avoidance, note that Indian domestic producer Atul Ltd. has repeatedly pushed for protection, signaling sustained pressure. Exporters should also watch for possible retroactive measures or expanded product scope in future reviews, which could affect even transshipped goods.