What are the main application segments driving tranexamic acid consumption in China?

What are the main application segments driving tranexamic acid consumption in China?
Beyond cosmetics, tranexamic acid maintains steady pharmaceutical demand in China for its original hemostatic indications. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing perioperative blood loss, with combined use of topical absorbable hemostatic gauze and tranexamic acid showing superior outcomes compared to either alone, without increasing thrombotic complications. The drug is also incorporated into consumer health products, notably in toothpaste formulations for gum bleeding, though this application has sparked debate about whether it merely masks symptoms rather than addressing root causes. Oral administration for melasma typically follows a regimen of 250mg twice daily for at least three months, often combined with vitamin C, vitamin E, or glutathione for enhanced efficacy. This dual pharmaceutical-cosmetic demand creates a stable consumption base, though pharmaceutical-grade volumes are more predictable while cosmetic demand is subject to beauty trend cycles.